Stumbling on Happiness
Daniel Gilbert
Stumbling on Happiness is Daniel Gilbert's account of one reliable error: the mind's forecasts of its own future feelings. People overestimate how strongly and how long good and bad events will affect them, the impact bias, because imagination fills the future with the present and leaves things out. His remedy is surrogation: instead of imagining, ask someone who is already living the outcome.
The promotion, the move and the purchase were each going to change everything, and each faded within a month. Gilbert's book is not about why you were disappointed; it is about why you predicted wrongly, and it gives you a better instrument than your imagination.
The book in essence
Gilbert, a Harvard psychologist, wrote a funny and rigorous book about affective forecasting. Its findings: people predict that winning, losing, getting the house or being left will change their happiness far more, and for far longer, than it does, and the error runs in the same direction across cultures and ages. The causes are the mechanics of imagination. It is built from memory, which is itself reconstructed. It fills the future with the present, so you predict the new job by how you feel now, thinking about it. It leaves out what it does not picture, the commute after the corner office, the Tuesdays after the wedding. And it fails to anticipate how quickly the mind rationalises whatever happens, which is why bad events hurt less than forecast. The book's practical conclusion is counter-intuitive and well supported: a stranger's report of the actual experience predicts your future feeling better than your own detailed imagining, so find one and ask.
Published in 2006 and awarded the Royal Society's science book prize, it remains the standard popular account of affective forecasting and one of the few psychology books that is also a pleasure to read.
Who it's for
- Anyone making a big decision about a job, a city or a purchase
- People whose last big change did not feel the way they expected
- Readers who enjoy a scientist with jokes
Who it's not for
- — Readers wanting advice on being happier; Gilbert is about prediction, not pursuit
- — Anyone who dislikes digression; the book wanders on purpose
Key lessons
01
The impact bias
Good events make people less happy than they predict and for less time; bad events hurt less and for less time. The error is consistent, and it means every forecast of how you will feel next year should be discounted in both directions.
A marketing manager in Ankara imagines a Dubai directorship in detail, title, salary and apartment, and is surprised, six months in, by nothing, because she checked the forecast first.
02
Presentism: the future is painted with the present
Imagination borrows the feeling of the moment. You predict the new job by how you feel now, thinking about it, when it is the only thing in view. And imagination leaves out what it does not picture, so the corner office arrives without its commute.
A couple in Istanbul imagine the larger flat and not the ninety-minute commute, and are less happy two years on.
03
Surrogation: ask someone who is there
Find a person a year into the situation you are forecasting and ask about ordinary days. People resist because they believe their case is special; the research finds a stranger's actual experience predicts your feeling better than your imagination.
Before accepting the Dubai role, the manager messages a former colleague eighteen months into the same move and asks about a normal Wednesday. The eleven-hour days go into the plan.
Try this today
Pick one forecast you are making about a future change and ask someone a year into the same change three questions about their ordinary days, then write down the gap between their answer and what you imagined.
Quick check
What is the impact bias?
What is surrogation?
Selected quotes
“The human being is the only animal that thinks about the future.”
“We treat our future selves as though they were our children.”